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"Studying English (tips) for MY FUTURE PROFESSION AND CAREER"

Илтгэл бичих зааварт ашигласан линк:
http://www.gcflearnfree.org/powerpoint-tips/simple-rules-for-better-powerpoint-presentations/1/ 

Эссэ бичих зааварт ашигласан линк:
http://www.internationalstudent.com/essay_writing/essay_tips/#introduction 

Бичлэгийн текст
How To Identify The Components Inside Your Computer

My computer

Hello and welcome to videojug we’re going to show you what the major components inside your computer are and tell you a little about what each of them do guiding us on this tour will be Phil Borton of East a technology support in brighton.

Step 1 the major components the major components of a computer are the motherboard the cpu or central processing unit ram or the random access memory the graphics card the power supply the hard disk or hard  drive the optical drive also known as a CD or DVD drive.

Step 2 hardware and software

All found within the Tower of a desktop computer they are referred to as hardware6 hardware the actual physical components that go into computer software refers to the programs and systems that operate within the hardware.

Step 3 the motherboard

The motherboard is the heart of the computer it is the largest and most fundamental component of a pc and every other component is attached to it in some way this is because all the different components used the mother board to communicate and work with each other the motherboard has a series of slots sockets and connectors for attaching the components of a pc in most cases the memory accessory cards and cpu are installed directly onto the motherboard the drives and peripherals communicate with the motherboard through wired connections there are a wide range of motherboards to choose from they different features speed capacity and the cpu supported they also different size shape and layout this is commonly referred to as the from factor.

Step 4 the cpu

Cpu stands for central processing unit this is the brain of the computer and is open referred to as the processor or the chip. It is found under a heatsink and  dan and sits directly on the motherboard the cpu directs coordinates and communicates with the other components and performs all of the thinking it is not really thinking what a cpu actually does it perform mathematical calculations it is the software that people write that translates these calculations into useful functions for us.

Step 5 ram

Ram stands for random access memory and comes as modules and predefined amounts it is also found directly on the motherboard usually is one two or four slots the memory chip store information temporarily for short term used by the cpu ram is used to store information for files that are actually being used by the cpu at any given time the computer’s ram memory is an entirely different thing from the hard disk memory the hard this stores information permanently for long – term use.

Step 6 the graphics card

The graphics card or video card translates information into the graphics and tax that appear on the monitor screen most motherboards now include a slot specifically designed for the graphics adapter called the AGP slot this stands for advanced graphics port modem graphics adapters usually incorporate some memory write on the card to improve their performance.

Step 7 the power supply

This supplies power to the other components which is why it has so many wires coming out of it. It is usually positioned at the back top corner of the computer case the power supply has a fan built into it to keep itself and the computer cool.

Step 8 the hard disk

A hard disk which is also called a hard drive is much like a filing cabinet the programs and data is stored on the hard disk and the computer accesses them as they are needed when the computer accesses the hard drive. It is reading and moving the stored information into the ram memory that memory is the temporary workspace however the original file is still on the hard disk and has left undisturbed until the file is saved when the computer stores or saves information it writes a data to the hard disk that process results in the old file being replaced or modified with the new information if you save data to a new file or install new software the information is written to the disc in an available unused portion of the disk.

Step 9 the optical drive

The optical drive is often called a DVD drive or a CD drive it sits at the front or the computer for ease of access and use a laser to read and write information to cds and dvds done.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yRmPTbGBqVI

CV

           

Бичлэгийн текст

What is computing?

The curriculum for computing should involve 3 key aspects: Computer Science, the understanding of computers and how they work, information Technology, the productive and creative use of technology, and Digital Literacy.

1.       Computer Science

Computer Science focuses on 3 main aspects. Firstly the hardware of computers, which is how they work and how they are assembled. This includes technologies from the traditional. Desktop computers through to powerful handheld devices and also dedicated chips in everyday appliances. The programming of computers involves how to make devices do what you want them to do. This involves a wide range of activities: developing applications running on PCs, making apps for Android’s, using control and sensing technology devices, and also scientific data capture. Understanding system is the third focus. This involves understanding the way that computers and organizations work together and interact. Children first learn programming at the infant school using programmable toys like these Romos and Bee – Bots. They start to understand algorithms by writing down instructions that they have given to these robots, and then learn to follow instructions like this short program. By following this step by step, they learn the importance of precision and the idea of iteration. A six – years – old would do an abstraction if the teacher asked them to draw the school. They create a simplified plan with the important details: their classroom, the playground, the toilets, the school office and the gate to go home. This visualization is the abstraction. The classic abstraction is the representation of London by means of a tube map or even a pupil school timetable. Information Technology is the creative and productive use of computers. It is an important.

2.       Information Technology

Information Technology is the creative and productive use of computers. It is important element for developing pupils’ understanding of what computers can do, enabling their creativity and ensuring that they can use the technology in a wide range of settings.

3.       Digital Literacy

 Digital Literacy should be understood to mean the basic skill or ability to use a computer confidently, safely and effectively. This include the ability to use office software such as word processors, email and presentation software, the ability to create and edit images, audio and video, and the ability to use a web browser and internet search engines. These are the skills that teacher of other subjects at secondary schools should be able to assume that their pupils have as an analog with being able to read and write. Digital literacy with ideas of copyright, safe working, data protection, misuse and abuse, e-safety and cyber-bullying are also discussed in schools. 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rDKfQ5qR8qA

Бичлэгийн текст

What is ICT

Hi my name is Even Huan. Hi my name is Chris from and we want to talk to you about the ICT sector in Ireland ICT stands for information and communications technology and that means that covers all of the technologies and businesses involved in the creation and processing of digital information that includes all fines of  computing from building web pages to write and software to control a rocket from assembly the home computer to managing a complete office computer system from creating special effects for the film to designing the technologies broadcast TV and radio across the globe from studying the appropriate computer equipment to customer to providing the support needed to ensure the successful use of a new software system in a large organization this is a big industry really big in fact it’s the largest business in the world and it’s growing all of the time why well because at its heart it’s concerned with making life easier and better for everyone of us.

Hi I’m Lionel alexander and the Vice President and Managing Director of Hewlett - packard manufacturing here in the league slip kill their the ICT sector is a very key sector that not only drive the economy and the future island but more importantly is changing the lifestyle of people every day in Ireland there over 70000 people working in over 1,300 firms directly involved an effective IC to use a big part of our economy much bigger than it is in the UK or most of the rest of the world Ireland a tiny country barely visible on the globe is one of the top three exporter of software and the world neither !) top software companies in the world have significant operations here islands is home to many global players across  all I city business areas such as internet space data storage semiconductors telecommunications software and computer systems with instantly recognizable names such as Intel del Microsoft IBM Apple HP Google Ericsson sap yahoo and even Facebook the sector accounts for approximately a third of the country’s expert which is hugely important for our economy by any measure the ICT sector has been a significant drive in the arch economy whether in terms of employment output for the creation of wealth as well as been engaged in a range of business functions they provide the enabling technology to other sectors it has been a source of successful Irish enterprise and startups and has contributed men stage the economic success of the country in church the ICC section Ireland can boast world – class industry achievement one of the main reasons we have such a strong presence in the sector’s equality and diversity of our workforce the location of the world’s top level software companies in Ireland has meant the critical mass of technical and professional expertise has been reached in the sector the availability of highly skilled individuals are both graduate and senior level positions allows software companies to access a group of people that is essential to achieve growth in the industry we also have a lot of qualified people from a wide range of nationalities who can contribute their technical knowledge and skills and their native language yourselves the ever – increasing need to provide services globally from operations based here recent figures and students entering carrot level 2 arising demand for engineering and technology courses we are now realizing that the world needs more people who are technologically we’re in every industry in Sector the National Skills strategy compiled by the expert group on future skills needs has found that the requirement for technical knowledge will rise across almost all occupations in the future even in times of rising unemployment demand for highly qualified graduates in disciplines including computer science and engineering is expected to continue this is also true or of the supporting roles which the technology depends the current economic downturn may affect the timing of that demand but it is unlikely to affect the overall trend we as a nation let’s ensure that I remains one of the best performance in terms of producing people who combined their technical know – how from the science engineering technology areas people include the development of ICT skills into their career planning will always be in a stronger position to adapt to the changing world Connery and ensure that Ireland’s ICT that there continues to hold this position on the world stage. My name is tomorrow and the general manager of Intel and are kids coming to the system today who have an interest in science engineering and technology should have no fears about the future of working in that industry here in Ireland if you want to have an aspiration that’s beyond essentially a good job and a good career think about the aspiration of being involved in an enterprise that makes a difference across the whole globe Intel in Ireland and companies like Intel and Ireland have a challenge on their hands and that’s to continue to help Ireland b’fast be nimble because we’re operating on a global stage and Arlen needs people working in engineering and technology it needs the best brains working in those environments so that Ireland as a nation can prosper and grow the future is changing IC technology is changing the world it’s going to change the way people consumed in the knowledge that the way people distribute the knowledge and the way people use their knowledge if you want to change the world and if you want to make a difference choose ICT as a career band.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hNi1bMcNuuY

Эхний текстийн орчуулга

Техник хангамж

Компьютерийг бүрдүүлдэг техник хангамжийн функц нь дараах 5 ангилалд хувааж болно:

-          Оролт

-          Хадгалах

-          Үйл ажиллагаа

-          Удирдлага

-          Гаралт

Дээр дурьдсан дараах чиг үүргийг хэрэгжүүлэх хэсэг нь:

·         Оролтын хэсэг: Энэ хэсэг нь компьютераар боловсруулахын тулд өгөгдөл болон програмыг оруулдаг. Энэ нь хүний нүд болон чихтэй адил юм.

·         Хадгалах хэсэг: Энэ хэсэг нь орж ирсэн өгөгдөл ба програмыг хадгалдаг. Энэ нь хүний тархины санах ойн хэсэгт адил юм.

·         Арифметик хэсэг: Энэ хэсэг нь програмын зааврын дагуу хадгалагдсан өгөгдөл дээр тооцоо, шийдвэр явуулж байна. Энэ нь хүний тархины бодох хэсэгт адил юм.

·         Удирдлагын хэсэг: Энэ хэсэг нь оролтын хэсэг, хадгалах хэсэг, арифметик хэсэг, гаралтын хэсгийг хянадаг. Энэ нь хүний төв мэдрэлийн системтэй адил юм.

·         Гаралтын хэсэг: Энэ хэсэг нь компьютерийн боловсруулалтын үр дүнг хүний ойлгож чадах хэлбэрээр гаргадаг. Энэ нь хүний гар болон амтай адил юм.

Удирдлагын хэсэг болон арифметик хэсэгийг нэг хэсэг мэт ажилуулдаг учраас тэднийг процессор эсвэл төв процессорын хэсэг гэж нэрлэдэг. Оролт, гаралт, тусгах, хадгалах төхөөрөмжинд хамааруулахын тулд “peripheral devices” ерөнхий нэр томъёог ашигладаг. Мөн хадгалах хэсгүүдийг функцээс нь хамааран үндсэн болон туслах санах ойн төхөөрөмжид хуваана.

(1)        RAM (Random Access Memory)

Шуурхай санах ой өгөгдлийг бичих, унших боломжтой хагас дамжуулагч санах ой юм. Компьютер унтарсан үед хадгалагдсан өгөгдөл устана. Энэ шинж чанарыг түр зуурын гэж нэрлэдэг.  Үндсэн санах ойн хэсгүүд нь шуурхай санах ойг бүрдуулдэг учраас, процессор уншиж, хаягийг зааж санамсаргүй байдлаар гол хадгалах нэгжийн мэдээллийг бичиж чадна. Шуурхай санах ойг динамик санах ой  болон статик санах ой болгон ангилдаг.

 DRAM (Dynamic RAM)

DRAM нь битээр дүрслэгддэг бөгөөд конденсатор цэнэглэгдсэн (төлөв 1) эсвэл (төлөв 0)-үү гэдгээс хамаараад мэдээллийг хадгалдаг. Хэлхээнүүд энгийн бөгөөд жижиг учир нь багтаамжтай RAM-уудыг хямд өртөгөөр бүтээх боломжтой байдаг. Гэсэн хэдий ч конденсаторт хадгалагдаж буй цэнэг хэсэг хугацааны дараа алдагддаг учир санах ой тогтмол давтамжаар дахин бичигдэх хэрэгтэй. Энэхүү үйл ажиллагааг сэлбэлт гэдэг. Нэгэн цагт DRAM-ууд үндсэн хадгалалтын хэсгээр ашиглагддаг байсан. Гэвч өдгөө тэднийг принтер болон бусад төхөөрөмжүүдийн оролт гаралтын хэсгийн хадгалалтын хэсгээр ашиглагдаж байна.

‚ SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)

IC технологийн процессийн болон процессуудын хүчин чадлын нэлээдгүй өсөлтийн үр дагаварын улмаас хадгалалтын хэсгийг бүрдүүлэгч DRAM-уудын үйл ажиллагааны хурд процессоруудын хурдтай эн зэрэгцэж чаддаггүй. Энэхүү шалтгааны улмаас процессорын ажиллагааны хугацааг илтгэх гадаад цагийн сигнал DRAM дээр байрладаг бөгөөд сигналын синхрончлолын дагуу төвөгтэй хаяг тогтоолтууд багасч  бас хялбар болсноор  DRAM-уудыг өндөр хурдаар ашиглан хөгжих боломжтой болсон. Энэ төрлийн DRAM-уудыг синхрон DRAM хэмээн нэрлэдэг.

ƒ SRAM (Static RAM)

SRAM-ууд flip-flop гэж нэрлэгддэг хэлхээтэйгээр бүтээгддэг. Flip-flop нь өмнөх болон тухайн цаг мөчийн оролтын дагуу гаралтыг тодорхойлдог бөгөөд хэлхээн дэх 1, 0 гэсэн төлвийг хадгалж чаддаг. Өгөгдөл компьютерыг унтрах хүртэл алдагддаггүй учир санах ойн сэлгэлт хэрэггүй юм. Гэсэн хэдийч SRAM хэлхээнүүд төвөгтэй учир санах ойн багтаамж нь DRAM-ынхаас бага мөн үнэ нь өндөр байдаг. Гэсэн хэдийч үүний ажиллах хурд өндөр бөгөөд процессорууд болон үндсэн санах ойн хэсэгт агуулагдах регистер зэрэг төхөөрөмжүүдэд ашиглагддаг.

(2)     ROM (Read Only Memory)

ROM бол зөвхөн унших зориулалт бүхий хагас дамжуулагч санах ой юм. Програмууд болон өгөгдөл эхнээсээ ROM-д хадгаладдаг учир компьютер унтрах хүртэл хадгалагдсан мэдээлэл устдаггүй. Энэхүү шинж чанарыг төрийн бус хэлбэлзэл гэж нэрлэдэг.

 Mask ROM

Нийлүүлэгч рүү илгээгдэхээс өмнө програмууд болон өгөгдөл аль хэдийн Mack ROM-д бичигдсэн байдаг учир хэрэглэгч ямар ч програм болон өгөгдлийг нэмж чадахгүй Mack POM-ууд тоглоомын кассетууд болон  IPL(Initial Program Loader) компьютерыг асаахад ашиглагддаг програмын санах ойгоор хэрэглэгддэг.

‚ User programmable ROM

Хэрэглэгч програмчлах боломжтой ROM нь ROM-ийн нэг төрөл гэвч нийлүүлэгч рүү илгээгдэхээс өмнө үүнд юу ч хадгалагдаагүй байдаг учир хэрэглэгч нэг удаа үүн дээр өгөгдөл бичиж болдог. Програмчлагддаг ROM-уудын дараах төрлүүд байдаг.

-          PROM (Programmable ROM): Нэг л удаа өгөгдөл бичигдсэн бол арилгаж болдоггүй.

-          EPROM (Erasable PROM): Энэ нь хэт ягаан туяагаар арилгагддаг бөгөөд ийнхүү дахин бичиж болдог.

-          EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM): Энэ нь програмын цахилгаан хүчдэлээр арилгагддаг бөгөөд дахин бичигдэх боломжтой.

EEPROM нь дижитал камерын зургийн өгөгдлийн регистрээр ашиглагддаг. Нөгөөтэйгүүр энэ нь мөн IC картуудын хадгалалтын хэсэгт хэрэглэгддэг.

Багшийн өгсөн эхний орчуулах текст шүү

TEXT 1.  “HARDWARE” 

( Reading - 1 )

The functions of the hardware composing a computer can be divided broadly into the following five categories: Input; Storage; Operation; Control and Output.

The following are the units that implement the above-mentioned functions:

· Input unit: This unit inputs the data and programs for computer processing. It is equivalent to the human eyes and ears.

· Storage unit: This unit stores the input data and programs. It is equivalent to the memory section of the human brain.

· Arithmetic unit: This unit conducts calculation and decision on the stored data according to the instructions of the program. It is equivalent to the thinking section of the human brain.

· Control unit: This unit controls the input unit, storage unit, arithmetic unit and the output unit. It is equivalent to the human central nervous system.

· Output unit: This unit outputs the results of computer processing in a format that can be understood by humans. It is equivalent to the human hands and mouth.

These five units are called the "computer five main units".

Since the control unit and the arithmetic unit are handled as one unit, they are called the processor (processing unit) or central processing unit (CPU). The general term "peripheral devices" is used to refer to the input unit, the output unit and the auxiliary storage devices that are outside the processor and exchange data with the main storage unit.

Likewise, the storage units are divided into main storage unit and auxiliary storage device, depending on their functions.

(1)   RAM (Random Access Memory)

The RAM is semiconductor memory in which data writing and reading is possible. When the computer is turned off, the stored data is lost. This property is called volatility. Since most main storage units are composed of RAMs, the processor can be made to read and write information from the main storage unit at random by specifying the address.

RAMs are classified into DRAMs and SRAMs.

    1)DRAM (Dynamic RAM)

A DRAM represents bits, and stores information depending on whether the part called capacitor is being charged (status "1") or is not being charged (status "0").

Since the circuits are simple and small, RAMs of large capacity can be created at low cost. However, since the charge stored in the capacitor is lost after a lapse of time, the memory needs to be rewritten (recharged) at regular intervals. This operation is called refreshing. Once, DRAMs were used in the main storage unit, but currently they are also used in storage units, etc., contained in the input/output units of printers and other devices.

           2)SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)

Due to the progress of IC technology, and the consequent substantial improvement of the performance of processors, the operating speed of the DRAMs that composed the storage unit could not keep up with the operating speed of the processors. For that reason, an external clock signal that indicates the processor operation timing is now set in the DRAM and through synchronization with this signal, complicated address specifications are reduced and simplified, enabling the development of DRAMs that operate at high speeds. These types of DRAMs are called synchronous DRAMs (SDRAM).

    3)SRAM (Static RAM)

SRAMs are created with a circuit called the flip-flop. The flip-flop settles the output according to the previous input and the current input, and can preserve the status "1" and "0" inside the circuit. Since data is not lost unless the computer is turned off, memory refreshing is not necessary. However, since SRAM circuits are complicated, the memory capacity is smaller than that of DRAMs and the cost is higher. However, since its processing speed is high, it is used in devices such as the registers contained in main storage units and processors.

(2)   ROM (Read Only Memory)

The ROM is semiconductor memory for read use only. Since programs and data are stored in the ROM from the beginning, the stored information is not lost even if the computer is turned off. This property is called nonvolatility.

             ROMs are classified into mask ROMs and user programmable ROMs.

            1)Mask ROM

Since programs and data are already written in the Mask ROM before it is shipped by the manufacturer, the user cannot add any programs or data. Mask ROMs are used in the memories of game cassettes and IPL (Initial Program Loader), a program used to start the computer, etc.

     2)User programmable ROM

The user programmable ROM is a type of ROM, but since at the time it is shipped by the manufacturer it has nothing stored in it, the user can write data into it once. The following types of user programmable ROM exist

·   PROM (Programmable ROM): Once data has been written, it cannot be erased.

·   EPROM (Erasable PROM): It can be erased with ultraviolet light and rewritten.

·   EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM): It can be erased through the application of electrical voltage and rewritten.

EEPROM is used in a storage medium called flash memory, which is used in the registration of image data of digital cameras, etc. Likewise, it is also used in the storage section of IC cards, etc.

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